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Throughout history, people have settled next to waterways because of the advantages they offer in
transportation, commerce, energy, water supply, soil fertility, and waste disposal. In spite of
these benefits, however, our historic attraction to settling along rivers and steams is not without
its drawbacks. Floods have caused a greater loss of life and property, and have disrupted more families
and communities in the United States than all other natural hazards combined. The United States is at
a crossroads in the use of its Flood Plains. The nation may choose to use these flood-prone lands for
the primary purpose of economic development, or it may take action to better balance their economic
and environmental outputs.
Flood Plain management is defined as a decision making process that aims to achieve the wise use of the
Nation's Flood Plains. Flood Plain management aims to achieve a reduction in the loss of life, disruption,
and damage cause by floods; and the preservation and restoration of the natural resources and functions
of Flood Plains (which, in turn, lessen damage potential). To achieve the goals of Flood Plain management,
the nation must adopt a new approach- one that takes full advantage of all methods available to reduce
vulnerabilities to damages and, in parallel, to protect and enhance the natural resources and functions
of the Flood Plain. This approach would achieve flood plain management through:
- avoiding the risks of the Flood Plain, minimizing the impacts of those risks when
they cannot be avoided
- mitigating the impacts of damages when they occur; and accomplishing the above in
a manner that concurrently protects and enhances the natural environment.
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) has played a critical role in fostering and accelerating the
principles of flood plain management. Flood insurance is available to flood prone communities through the
NFIP, which is administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Prior to the NFIP, flood insurance
was generally unavailable from the private sector and most State and communities did not regulate Flood
Plain development. Dependence was instead placed on the construction of flood control projects such as
levees, dams, and channels to reduce flood damage. Despite the expenditures of billions of dollars for
these flood control projects, annual flood damages and disaster assistance costs were increasing at a
rapid pace. In response to this worsening situation, congress created the NFIP in 1968 to reduce flood
losses and disaster relief cost by guiding future development away from flood hazard areas where practicable,
requiring flood resistant design and construction, and transferring costs of losses to Flood Plain occupants
through flood insurance premiums.
The NFIP was broadened and modified by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, which requires the purchase
of flood insurance as a condition for receiving any form of Federal or federally relate financial assistance,
such as mortgages loans from federally insured lending institutions. The NFIP has mapped Flood Plains in over
20,000 communities and over 18,400 communities now participate in the program. Many States and communities
have established Flood Plain management programs and adopted Flood Plain management statutes and regulations
that go beyond NFIP requirements.
The National Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA), signed into law in 1994, strengthened the NFIP by providing
for mitigation insurance and establishing a grant program for State and community flood mitigation planning
projects. The NFIRA also codified the Community Rating System (CRS), established objectives for CRS and
directs that credits may be given to communities that implement measures to protect natural and beneficial
Flood Plain functions and manage the erosion hazard. The CRS is an incentive program whereby communities
that exceed the minimum requirements of the NFIP secure reductions in the flood insurance premiums for their
residents. Approximately 940 communities are currently participating in CRS. The policies in the CRS
communities represent over 60 percent of all NFIP flood insurance policies currently in place.
Examples of flood mitigation include elevating homes and business above the base flood (a flood having a
percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in a given year), relocating homes out of the Flood Plain,
and minimizing the vulnerability to flood damage through both structural and nonstructural means. |
